Titanium nitride (TiN) has a typical NaCl-type structure, which is a face-centred cubic lattice, with a constant lattice a=0.4241nm, in which titanium atoms are located at the corners of the face-centred cubic. The TiN is a non-stoichiometric compound, and its stable composition range is TiN0.37-TiN1.16, and the nitrogen contents can be changed within a specific range without causing changes in the TiN structure. The TiN powder is generally yellow-brown, the ultrafine TiN powder is black, and TiN crystals are golden yellow. TiN has a melting points of 2950°C, the density of 5.43-5.44g/cm3, Mohs hardness of 8-9, and high thermal shock resistance. The melting points of TiN is higher than that of most transition metal nitrides. Still, the density is lower than that of most metal nitrides, so it is a very characteristic heat-resistant material. The crystal structure of TiN is similar to that of TiC, except that the C atoms are replaced with N atoms.
The occluder used for the treatment of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus in the congenital heart disease has been widely used in clinical medicine as an implant for interventional therapy. However, common concentric occluders are mostly made of nickel-titanium alloy materials, which contain up to 55% nickel. Excessive nickel can cause the allergies and poisoning to the human body, and long-term effects are more likely to induce cancer. The surface purification membrane of the occluder nickel-titanium alloy can be destroyed, and the release of internal nickel ions in the complex environment of the human body will increase the nickel content, which further causes the tissue compatibility of the occluder to deteriorate.
Relevant studies have shown that because titanium nitride (TiN) is a material with good biocompatibility (which was once used in coronary stents), the thrombus origin is much lower than that of nickel-titanium itself. In response to this medical problem, scientists have developed a Cera ceramic membrane occluder using high-energy ion precipitation coating technology, which maintains the original atrial septal occluder and interventricular septal occluder based on the original nickel-titanium alloy occluder design. The design of the occluder and patent ductus arteriosus occluder uses plasma technology to evenly coat a layer of titanium nitride TiN film on the surface of the nickel-titanium alloy powder. Using ion technology, the metal titanium coating and C, N, O and other compounds are transformed into The biological layer dramatically improves the corrosion resistance of the occluder and the compatibility of biological tissues and blood. According to the comparison of animal experiment data between the Cera ceramic membrane occluder and the ordinary nickel-titanium occluder, it can be seen that the Cera ceramic membrane occluder is much better than the ordinary nickel-titanium occluder in terms of cell creeping growth performance. It improves the repair of congenital heart disease defects and significantly reduces the risk of thrombosis; the platelet adhesion and hemolysis rate are also much lower than that of ordinary nickel-titanium occluder. At present, the Cera occluder has been approved by the European Union, India, Brazil, Russia and other regions and countries. It has been used in more than thousands of patients with congenital heart disease.
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