During the past few years, nano iron oxide has risen to the forefront of materials research. Its numerous applications range from antimicrobial agents to catalysts and regenerative medicine. The properties of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have also been elucidated.
Synthesis
Using traditional wet chemistry methods, iron-based nanomaterials can be prepared in a variety of shapes. These materials are generally alloy structures with a core-shell structure. They are characterized by various surface properties and oxidation processes. They can also be synthesized by electrochemical deposition and borohydride reduction. Several other Fe-containing nanoparticles are also available. They can be synthesized by natural products, including plant extracts. Several iron nanomaterials could have applications in biology.
Several iron oxide nanoparticles are currently available, including Fe3O4, Fe3O4@Ag, Fe3O4, FeAc2 and Fe3O4@Ag core-shell nanoparticles. These nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. They have a linear detection range of 5-80 M, and they can be controlled by electrically heated carbon paste electrodes. They are used in gas-phase conversion of cyclohexanol. The morphology and composition of these nanoparticles are characterized by FT-IR, XPS, SEM and atomic force microscopy.
Various characterization methods are used to characterize iron oxide nanoparticles, including XRD, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, STA, FE-SEM and X-ray mapping. X-ray mapping studies indicate that iron nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of anthracite and silica. This indicates their ability to absorb solar radiation. However, their high surface-to-volume ratios may affect their bioavailability in marine ecosystems. These results may suggest that atmospheric processing is possible with the nanoparticles.
Fe-Pt nanoparticles are of special interest, because of their ability to act as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts. They are used in various industrial applications such as methylene blue decolorization and hydrogen peroxide decomposition. They are also used as catalysts for hydrogenation and alkynes. They were also examined for hydrogen storage performance of magnesium hydride. These nanoparticles are used in aqueous medium in mild conditions.
Iron oxide nanoparticles can be prepared by a variety of methods, including a simple hydrothermal route. They are also prepared by co-precipitation hydrothermal routes. This approach produces iron oxides with both a small size (25-80 nm) and a larger size (100-1000 nm). However, the size distribution is not always consistent and some iron oxides may be lost in the ambient air. Therefore, understanding the electronic structure of iron oxide nanoparticles is important for biomedical applications.
A number of iron-containing nanomaterials have been developed, and a number of practical applications have been reported. These materials are composed of core-shell structures, and the compositions of these nanoparticles can be confirmed by spectroscopy.
Antioxidation properties
Various studies have shown that iron oxide nanoparticles are a potential biomaterial. They have excellent dispersibility in solution, high binding capacity, and increased surface area. This makes them ideal biomaterials for medical applications.
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are an interesting class of magnetic nanoparticles. They show superparamagnetism, which gives them extra stability in solutions. Moreover, they have antibacterial and antioxidant properties. They may prove to be a safe alternative to anticancer agents. In addition, they are easily synthesised.
Various spectroscopy methods have been used to study the antioxidant properties of iron oxide nanoparticles. One of the methods is the X-ray diffraction method. Moreover, a scanning electron microscope was used to study the morphological properties of these nanoparticles. Other spectroscopic techniques include FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Among these techniques, the X-ray diffraction method has been used to characterize the size, shape, and crystal structure of the iron oxide nanoparticles. This method was also used to determine the formation bonds of these nanoparticles. In addition, the UV-VIS spectroscopic method was also used to evaluate their stability.
In addition, there have been studies on the antioxidant properties of iron nanoparticles in vitro. Specifically, it was shown that these nanoparticles can inhibit DPPH radical system. In addition, they may be useful as free radical scavengers. They also have the ability to quench reactive oxygen species.
However, a lot of information remains to be gathered. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of iron export to systemic circulation. In addition, biosafety is another major issue. Thus, further study is needed to find the most effective and safe ways to use biosynthesis as a nanomedicine.
A nanozyme is a metal nanoparticle with catalytic properties. It is easy to synthesise and has a colorimetric response. It is also more stable than conventional enzymes. It is also easy to detect by UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, it has the ability to oxidise peroxidase substrates. This is the main function of this nanoparticle. The zeta potential of iron oxide nanoparticles was also investigated. This is because of the fact that it can be measured by a spectrometer.
Catalysts for single-metal functionalized iron oxide NPs
Several single-metal functionalized iron oxide NPs have been reported for catalytic processes. These nanoparticles are also referred to as superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPINs). The nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using a co-precipitation method. In this method, silica oligomers were deposited onto the iron oxide nanoparticles. These NPs show a high selectivity for CO2 and have high structural stability. They are suitable for reuse in subsequent catalytic cycles.
A variety of synthesis techniques have been used to synthesize mixed-metal ferrite NPs. They include the classic sol-gel method, the arc discharge synthesis method, and the microwave heating method. Combination synthesis techniques are also used to prepare cobalt ferrite NPs.
These NPs are also used for catalytic processes such as the gas-phase conversion of cyclohexane to methyl cyclohexanol. In addition, they have been used for hydrogenation of alkynes. These NPs have also been studied for degradation of organic dyes. They have been applied to the decolorization of MB dye and to the dehydrogenation of methylene blue. Moreover, they have been used to synthesize several other Fe-containing nanoparticles.
Another class of nanostructured iron has been developed using a protective carbon-cage encapsulation technique. This NP is composed of a core-shell structure and has been used for catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes. The NPs are suitable for use at mild conditions in ethanol. In addition, they are biodegradable. They have also been used for synthesis of spirooxindoles.
The NPs are characterized by different analytical techniques such as FT-IR and SEM. In addition, the NPs show excellent catalytic performance, high selectivity for CO2 and a high stability. They are also compatible with various intermediates.
FePt NPs are a special interest. These NPs show a very high selectivity for decolorization of MB dye. They are also useful as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts. Moreover, they exhibit a 100-fold faster decolorization rate. Moreover, the NPs show good control over particle size. This may be due to the uniform distribution of Pt particles.
Nanostructured iron has the following advantages: the NPs are biodegradable and non-expensive. They are also inert and have a high chemical stability. They also have a wide range of pH. They are also very stable at room temperature.
Applications in biomedicine
Various iron oxides such as magnetite and hematite have been investigated for applications in biomedicine. These oxides contain Fe(II) cations, which act as a reducing agent. They are used for biomedical applications, such as cellular imaging, drug delivery, hyperthermia and tissue engineering.
Magnetite nanoparticles have unique magnetic properties. They exhibit superparamagnetism, a high saturation magnetization value and biodegradability. In addition, they have a well-defined particle size. Hence, they are ideal for many applications. They are used as biodegradable nanoparticles in applications such as drug delivery, magnetic separation and magnetic bioseparation.
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are prepared through a variety of synthetic methods. Some of the common synthetic methods include hydrothermal and laser pyrolysis. Another synthetic method involves the reduction of stable metal precursors.
The surface of magnetic nanoparticles can be functionalized with biocompatible polymers. In addition, these particles can be modified to enhance their solubility in different solvents. Moreover, they can be combined with other functional nanostructures by sequential growth.
MIONPs are small and cylindrical nanoparticles, which can be used as magnetic bio-separation agents, drugs, or anticancer agents. They are also implicated in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical diagnosis. The nanoparticles are able to penetrate deep inside brain tumor cells, and can be guided to a target site with an external magnetic field. These particles are also useful for imaging inflammation and drug delivery. The MIONPs can be conjugated to stem cells or to the surface of a cancer cell, and can be used for drug delivery.
In addition to magnetic nanoparticles, other inorganic materials have also been investigated for biomedical applications. Some interesting reviews on hydrogel devices for biomedical applications have been published. Molecular functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles has also been reported. This method involves sequential growth of a magnetic nanoparticle with other functional nanostructures such as polymers and proteins.
Various iron oxides such as magnetite, hematite and maghemite have been investigated for applications in biomedicine. The oxides have been shown to be able to form heterodimer structures that offer distinct properties. They can also serve as therapeutic agents and as platforms for bacterial detection.
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