What is CeO2? A new material consisting of nanopowders of the mixed oxides CeO2 and ZnO was prepared by Pechini in an appropriate stoichiometry. This method leads to powders with spheroidal particles, whose size ranges from 30 to 200 nm, which is appropriate to provide homogeneous suspensions. The ZnO present in the prepared mixed oxides seems to increase particle size distribution and influence the arrangement of the particles after dispersion in a solvent and drying. Moreover, CeO2ZnO nanopowder systems, independent of the stoichiometry applied, present higher absorption than the pure oxide powders in the UV. Also, the intermediate reflectance indices of these mixed oxides probably imply a decrease in their pale-white resulting color. Therefore, the present study's findings suggest that CeO2ZnO nanopowder systems are promising candidates for use in a specific application, and Pechini's method is adequate for the obtention of such nanopowder compounds. Low reflectance values in the powder reflection spectra indicate high absorption in the corresponding wavelength region. The reflection spectra of pressed powders of CeO2-ZnO systems compared to those of the pure CeO2 and ZnO powders. CeO2, ZnO, and CeO2-ZnO systems (1:4, 2:3, 3:2, and 4:1) have the same low reflectance behavior in the UV region and a reflectance rate of almost one in the visible. The reflectance rate of pure CeO2 is lower than that of the other samples. The most significant region in the UV-B (290-320 nm) is above 300 nm, where all samples, except for ZnO, present a reflectance rate below 0.5, which means high absorption power. All systems show high absorption over the UV-A region (from 320 to 400 nm), and their reflectance increases sharply above 370 nm, except for the pure CeO2 powder. It is important to emphasize that all CeO2-ZnO compositions, independent of the stoichiometry, present higher absorption than the pure oxide powders in the UV region. In the visible region, the ZnO powder shows the expected high constant reflectance, responsible for its resultant white color. In contrast, the CeO2 powder is yellowish due to its lower reflectance. The CeO2-ZnO mixtures, on the other hand, show intermediate reflectance indices, which probably imply the decrease in the pale-white resulting color.
CeO2-ZnO mixture preparation from Pechini's method Rare earth (Ce3+) and zinc nitrates solutions were mixed with citric acid in an appropriate stoichiometry, Ce3+: Zn2+. The mixture was heated and stirred in a hot plate at 60ºC, and then ethylene glycol was added and heated at 90ºC, resulting in a polymeric resin (polyester). The yellowish resin was fired at 500ºC, and the obtained powder-mixed oxides were heated at 900ºC in the air for four h. CeO2 and ZnO powder samples were prepared separately using the same Pechini method, and a mixture of 1CeO2:1ZnO was also obtained by grinding both oxides in an agate mortar to compare with the mixed oxide samples. X-ray diffraction, XRD (SIEMENS D5005 X-ray diffractometer) performed the crystalline phase identification. The size distribution and powder shapes were observed using transmission electron microscopy, TEM (Philips CM200 microscope equipped with Digital Spectrometer Prism PGT Gamma Tech), and scanning electron microscopy, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope Zeiss DSM 940A). For TEM measurements, powder samples were suspended in ethanol and supported in a copper grid. For SEM image acquirement, the powders were dispersed in isopropanol, supported in aluminum stubs, and, after drying, coated by a thin gold layer using a sputtering system. For diffuse reflectance spectroscopic (DRS) measurements, the powders were ground in an agate mortar and compacted in a black holder. Spectrofluorimeter SPEXFLUOROLOG II with excitation and emission double monochromators was used to record DRS spectra by synchronously monitoring both at the same wavelengths.
Results and discussion of CeO2 The XRD patterns of the synthesized powders. For all samples, reflection planes that perfectly match both indexed CeO2 cubic structure, space group Fm3m (225), and ZnO hexagonal structure, space group P63mc (186), are detected. No peak of any other phase, such as zinc cerate or cerium zincate, is observed, indicating that the employed method leads to a mixture of CeO2 and ZnO phases in all systems. The X-ray pattern of the mechanical mixture 1CeO2:1ZnO containing the nanosized oxides shows that the relative intensity of CeO2 reflection peaks is higher than the ZnO one. However, both oxides are present in the same ratio. This difference in intensity due to the different oxide X-ray absorptivity explains why in the 2CeO2:3ZnO, 3CeO2:2ZnO, and 4CeO2:1ZnO systems, the reflection planes characteristic for CeO2, are more evident than the ZnO ones. TEM analysis was performed in order to evaluate particle shape and size distribution. It is possible to observe that cerium and zinc oxides and their mixtures have spheroidal particles whose sizes were estimated. TEM images also reveal the nanocrystal planes of the particles, with their superposition in some cases.
Price of CeO2 CeO2 particle size and purity will affect the product's Price, and the purchase volume can also affect the cost of CeO2. A large amount of large amount will be lower. The Price of CeO2 is on our company's official website.
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