What is Manganese oxide? The unusually high adsorption capacities and scavenging capabilities of Mn oxide/hydroxide minerals provide one of the primary controls of heavy metals and other trace elements in soils and aquatic sediments. Understanding such controls is essential for maintaining and improving the earth's fertility, mitigating health effects in humans and animals, and treating water for consumption and industrial use. Because Mn oxide minerals commonly occur as coatings and fine-grained aggregates with large surface areas, they exert chemical influences far out of proportion to their concentrations.
Ocean Mn Nodules The most extensive deposition of Mn oxides today occurs in the oceans as nodules, micro concretions, coatings, and crusts. Marine Mn nodules were first discovered in 1873 during the voyage of the HMS Challenger. Since then, Mn nodules have been found at almost all depths and latitudes in all of the world's oceans and seas; it has been estimated, for example, that they cover about 10–30% of the deep Pacific floor. Ocean Mn nodules typically are brown-black and subspherical-botryoidal and consist of concentric layers of primarily Mn and iron oxide minerals. Other minerals commonly found in the nodules include clay, quartz, apatite, biotite, and feldspars. Most Mn nodules have formed around central nuclei that may be carbonate mineral fragments, pumice shards, animal remains, coral pieces, etc. The nodules range from 0.5 to 25 cm in diameter, with an ocean-wide average of about 4 cm. Marine Mn oxide crusts and nodules concentrate at the sediment-water interface. Still, they are distributed locally to a depth of 3 or 4 m. The nodules are most abundant in oxygenated environments with low sedimentation rates and reach their greatest concentration in deep-water at or below the calcium carbonate compensation depth. Accumulation rates range from 0.3 to 1,000 mm/yr in near-shore environments to about 1 cm/million yr in the deep ocean. The Mn source is considered continental runoff and hydrothermal and volcanic activity at midocean spreading centers.
Research on the complex mineralogy of the Fe and Mn oxides in ocean Mn nodules has been hampered Research on the complex mineralogy of the Fe and Mn oxides in ocean Mn nodules has been hampered by the fact that the minerals typically occur as thin layers of fine-grained, poorly crystalline mixtures. Previous studies of the mineralogy of ocean nodules concluded that the dominant Mn oxide phases are birnessite (7 Å manganate), todorokite (10 Å manganate), and δ-MnO2 or vernadite (18). Both birnessite and todorokite are commonly found in the same nodule. Still, birnessite tends to predominate in nodules from topographic highs such as seamounts and ridges, and todorokite is more common in slightly more reducing near-shore and abyssal environments. How ocean Mn nodules grow is a subject of intensive research and some debate. Nodules grow principally by direct precipitation of Mn from seawater, but the types of reactions that occur in the water and at the precipitation surface are poorly known. It also has been suggested that some Mn and Fe are supplied by upward diffusion through underlying reducing sediments. One scenario suggests that Mn oxide phases in ocean nodule form by catalytic oxidation and Mn(II) adsorption on suitable substrates, such as mineral and rock fragments and fine-grained MnO2 and Fe(OH)3.
Price of Manganese oxide Manganese oxide particle size and purity will affect the product's Price, and the purchase volume can also affect the cost of Manganese oxide. A large amount of large amount will be lower. The Price of Manganese oxide is on our company's official website.
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