Self-assembly of nanoparticles at interfaces has become the focus of extensive studies since the phenomenon of Pickering emulsion, known as a fact that solid particles can spontaneously migrate onto fluid interface forming monolayer or multilayer, acting as the “surfactant” to stabilize the emulsion, was firstly established in early 20th century. Using interface, especially fluid /fluid interface， to guide the directed assemblies of nanoparticles is of great scientific interest for the food， cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. For liquid interface-induced assembly, reduction of the interfacial energy is the dominating driving force. Self-assembly processes can be controlled by tuning the sizes of the nanoparticles as well as the chemical characteristics of the ligands on the particle surfaces.．
Pickering lotion
For emulsions, emulsions are a thermodynamically unstable system due to the large oil/water interfacial area. To obtain a stable emulsion, a third substance, an emulsifier, must be added to the system.
At present, the recognized stabilization mechanism of Pickering emulsion is mainly the adsorption of solid particles on the oil/water interface and forming a single layer or a multilayer film to stabilize the emulsion.
Nanoparticles - Structure Template
In the field of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are one of the most promising materials, especially after the discovery of Pickering emulsion, the research on the self-assembly behavior of nanoparticle interface is more extensive.
In recent years, more research has been done on the application of nanoparticles as a structural template in the preparation of capsules. At present, methods for preparing nanometer and micron size capsules more conventionally include enveloping method, solvent evaporation method, emulsion polymerization method, etc.
Nanoparticle interface self-assembly
Homogeneous nanoparticles
With the development and application of nano-particle (CdSe, Au, etc.) surface functionalization technology, the preparation of novel nanomaterials constructed from nanoparticle assemblies has become a hot spot of concern.
Interface self-assembly of Janus particles
After De Gennes first proposed the "Janus particle", the application prospects of Janus particles, especially in drug carriers, electronic devices, optics, biosensing and emulsion stabilization, were studied intensively. Janus originally intended to be the two gods of Rome, while Janus nanoparticles are particles with two different chemical surfaces or polarities, such as polar and non-polar. By appropriate modification, the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the Janus particle surface can be controlled to adjust its distribution at the oil-water interface.
Interface assembly of nanorods
In recent years, anisotropic nanorods have received increasing attention. With the development of nanoparticle synthesis technology, many kinds of inorganic nanometer rods such as CdSe, CdS, Co, and Au can be synthesized. Studies have shown that nanorod composites have excellent performance in optical and electromagnetic fields. The interfacial assembly of nanorods exhibits properties different from isotropic nanoparticles due to their particle size, shape and surface morphology.
Interface assembly of biological nanoparticles
The modification and size monodispersity of bio-nanoparticle surface proteins provide practical value for particle formation, sensing, diagnosis and tissue engineering in microarrays. Therefore, biomaterials are prepared by interfacial self-assembly of bio-nanoparticles. It has become a hot spot in recent years.
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